Негосударственный пенсионный фонд «Норильский никель» в лице его президента Екатерины Акифьевой требует прокурорской проверки деятельности управляющих компаний, неэффективно распоряжавшихся предоставленными им активами. Акифьева предъявила топ-менеджменту «Норникеля» во главе с Михаилом Прохоровым общий объем убытков в 3,1 миллиарда рублей.
За претензиями явно просматривается фигура нынешнего владельца комбината Владимира Потанина. С учетом сложных отношений между ним и Прохоровым это добавляет остроты. Но поскольку в общественном сознании понятия «Норникель» и «Михаил Прохоров» неразделимо сливаются, в истории явно сквозит предвыборная тема.
Российская система негосударственных пенсионных фондов была создана в 1996 году. Одно время количество организаций с соответствующими лицензиями превышало 900. Затем их число неизменно сокращалось, и в 2010 году составило порядка 150. Сейчас в рэнкинге по доходности пенсионных накоплений значится всего лишь 78 НПФ. Эксперты считают процесс сокращения объективным, обусловленным возросшими требованиями, ростом социальной значимости, консолидацией фондов. При этом не скрывается, что пенсионная реформа, имеющая четкую либерально-рыночную направленность, пошла далеко не по планам инициаторов. В частности, НПФ зачастую фактически распоряжаются деньгами граждан на свое усмотрение. Отсюда регулярные скандалы, которые создают вокруг них нездоровую ауру, отпугивают потенциальных вкладчиков. При этом не стоит забывать, что на данный момент накопительную часть пенсии передали негосударственным пенсионным фондам более 11 миллионов человек. Ресурс значительный.
Два последних скандала вокруг НПФ случились летом прошлого года. Истории эти любопытны хотя бы тем, что в обеих принимал участие НПФ «Норильский никель».
Сначала появилась жалоба в Пенсионный фонд России на незаконный перевод накоплений в НПФ по поддельным заявлениям. По данным на конец мая, в ПФР поступило более 6 тысяч устных и 1,7 тысячи письменных обращений от граждан. В начале июня ПФР объявил о расторжении трансферагентских соглашений с тремя крупнейшими НПФ – «Благосостояние», «Норильский никель» и «Ренессанс Жизнь и Пенсии». На их долю приходится 82% всех жалоб, поступивших в ПФР в 2011 году.
Проблема имеет несколько составляющих. Одна из них – конкуренция за клиентуру между ПФР, Минздравсоцразвития и НПФ. Тем более что прекращение трансферагентстких соглашений бьет в первую очередь по гражданам, а не по фондам. Люди лишились возможности максимально комфортно и удобно перейти в частную систему. Теперь они должны идти к прямому конкуренту НПФ – в ПФР, где им наверняка предложат менее выгодные договорные условия.
В середине лета Генпрокуратура выявила, что руководство ряда фондов инвестировало деньги в аффилированные компании. Проверка проводилась в 25 субъектах РФ и затронула более 60 НПФ. Выяснилось, что, к примеру, НПФ «Сургутнефтегаз» владеет более чем 8% акций одноименной компании, НПФ «Газфонд» прямо и косвенно принадлежит 50% акций Газпромбанка. То есть деньги НПФ инвестировались не по принципу потенциальной выгоды для клиентов, а по узковедомственному признаку.
В центре скандала опять оказался НПФ «Норильский никель». Там делали вообще противозаконные вещи – через подделку договоров попросту переводили деньги из Пенсионного фонда России на свой счет, а затем использовали в целях получения выгоды для «головного» предприятия.
Разумеется, гражданам это не понравилось. За один месяц в ПФР позвонили более 4 тысяч человек, возмущенных несанкционированным переводом своих накоплений. Так что претензий к этому НПФ накопилось уже немало. И вот – новый конфликт.
На этот раз инициатором стал уже сам НПФ «Норильский никель». В заявлении, направленном в Управление по Центральному административному округу столичного ГУ МВД, его руководство просит провести прокурорскую проверку по фактам убытков от деятельности управляющей компании Росбанка. Которая, кстати, долгое время принадлежала группе ОНЭКСИМ Михаила Прохорова (сейчас он вышел из этого бизнеса, что руководству НПФ кажется подозрительным). Мол, компания управляла размещенными у нее средствами с явным убытком, приобретая дотационные активы.
Также речь идет о потере части имущества по вине управляющей компании «Управление активами», которая принадлежит банку «Международный финансовый клуб». Банк, в свою очередь, контролируется несколькими бизнесменами, в том числе и Михаилом Прохоровым. Причина – утрата контроля над компанией «Транс Групп», в которой были размещены средства управляющей компании из закрытого паевого инвестфонда.
Есть в этой истории несколько странностей. Почему заявление подано в УМВД, а не в прокуратуру? С чего сделан акцент на личности Михаила Прохорова, отошедшего от дел в «Норникеле»? Наконец, НПФ «Норникель» стоит далеко не на первых позициях в рэнкинге НПФ России (по итогам 2010 года он занимал лишь 39-е место), но постоянно попадает под пристальное внимание правоохранителей. Не имеет ли ситуация политической подоплеки? За последние полгода Прохоров ведь допускал и непозволительное, во всяком случае по додекабрьским меркам. Так что не является ли происходящее в сфере НПФ эпизодом «войны компроматов» против магната-политика?
Причем войны странно односторонней, потому что сам Прохоров по этим поводам предпочитает не высказываться. При этом почему-то явно нарушается исходящее из высших эшелонов власти пожелание – информационные кампании, особенно затрагивающие социальный сектор и вызывающие негативную реакцию избирателей, до лета следует прекратить.
Есть и еще один нюанс: у Екатерины Акифьевой после историй с ЗАО УК «Созидание», ЗПИФ «Перспективные инвестиции», кипрскими офшорами осложнена собственная позиция. Логичнее было бы ей в данном случае смолчать. Однако почему-то эта логика нарушена. Следует сказать и об эпизоде, напрямую связанном с нынешним скандалом. Одно уголовное дело в отношении этого НПФ было возбуждено 9 декабря 2010 года ОД УВД по Северному административному округу Москвы – по заявлениям граждан о незаконном переводе накопительной части пенсии из государственного Пенсионного фонда в НПФ «Норильский никель». Чем закончится расследование, пока неизвестно.
Тем временем Михаил Прохоров конец прошлой недели провел в Санкт-Петербурге. Встречался в арт-центре на Пушкинской, 10, с местной богемой, а в «Юбилейном» со студентами. О нынешнем скандале его никто не спрашивал, он и не говорил. Если в данном случае мы имеем дело с таким выражением позиции Прохорова, то это не может не вызвать определенного уважения. Но впредь он должен быть готов и не к таким претензиям.
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