Не только российское общество расколото своей историей. «Одни у нас против Хеопса, другие убьют за него», – невесело посмеивается поэт Дмитрий Быков над нескончаемыми как бы дискуссиями о Сталине. Однако вот – сходная буря нависает над Испанией. Новое правительство собирается перезахоронить Франсиско Франко. Что ж, собираться не вредно. Посмотрим, что из этого выйдет.

Каудильо Франко с 1975 года покоится в Долине Павших. Это грандиозный мемориальный комплекс в горах недалеко от Мадрида. Воздвигнут он семь десятилетий назад по приказу самого Франко. Величественная базилика. Четыре гранитных колонны. 150-метровый крест. Скульптуры христианских добродетелей, лики святых. Две часовни. Тридцать три тысячи восемьсот семьдесят две могилы – в них лежат погибшие в гражданской войне 1936–1939 годов. Солдаты обеих сторон: и «белые» победители-франкисты, и побеждённые «красные». У алтаря – гробница Франсиско Франко Баамонде.

«Долина Павших должна превратиться в мемориал жертв фашизма. Ради примирения. Испания не может позволить себе символы, которые разделяют испанцев», – заявил сегодня премьер-министр Педро Санчес. Левый социалист, возглавивший правительство Испании менее трёх недель назад. Человек, которому в день смерти Франко уже исполнилось три года, конечно, вправе распоряжаться останками каудильо, заложившего основы современной Испании. Во всяком случае, сам Санчес в этом праве не сомневается.

Его можно где-то понять. Правительство Санчеса называют «кабинетом Франкенштейна». Настолько оно разобщено, неустойчиво и неорганично. Сепаратистское движение в Каталонии – порождённое по большей части левацкими амбициями региональной элиты – основательно расшатало политическую систему. Отвечать за дестабилизацию пришлось правительству правой Народной партии (НП) во главе с Мариано Рахоем. Репрессивные меры против сепаратистов вызвали хорошо срежиссированное возмущение леволиберальной общественности, обвинения в «диктатуре» и «неофранкизме» (по-своему логичные – целостность Испании была одним из фундаментальных принципов политики каудильо). Очень вовремя подоспел и судебный скандал: несколько видных «народников» были приговорены к длительным срокам за отмывание денег, уход от налогов и финансирование партии из неучтённых средств.

Премьер Рахой, его министры и лидеры НП национального уровня в коррупции не обвинялись. Но на фоне каталонских событий ситуация очень подходила для политических целей социалистической оппозиции. Достаточно сказать, что расследование вёл знаменитый судья Балтасар Гарсон, издавна выполняющий функцию левацкого тарана. Он известен преследованием Аугусто Пиночета, обличениями франкизма, поисками «русской мафии» и т.п. темами в русле идеологического пиара. Первого июня Генеральные кортесы – испанский парламент – незначительным, но большинством утвердили вотум недоверия правительству Народной партии.

Новый кабинет сформировали представители Испанской социалистической рабочей партии (ИСРП)Социалистической партии Каталонии и независимые политики. Больше половины министерских постов – 11 из 17 – заняли женщины (на что не претендовала пламенная сталинистка Долорес Ибаррури). Премьер Санчес приносил присягу на тексте Конституции, а не на Библии, как исстари велось в Испании. Ибо лидер ИСРП гордится своим атеизмом в традиционно католической стране. Характерно, что избирателей ИСРП на выборах 2016 года было менее 5,5 млн, около 23%. Тогда как за НП проголосовали почти 8 млн – 33%. Получается, смена правительства произошла если не вопреки воле большинства испанцев, то уж точно без спроса у них.

Насколько соответствует испанской воле задуманный «дербан» в Долине Павших, сказать трудно. Франко сейчас не герой испанского романа. Дело не в том, что там так уж сильны левые. Но страна в принципе отвергает диктатуру, насилие и всё связанное с этими понятиями. Не в чести и патриархальщина с «духовными скрепами». Испанская молодёжь очень ценит политическую свободу и бытовую раскованность. Железное правление каудильо, культ «крестового похода» гражданской войны, армии и церкви, предупредительный крик «мораль идёт!», означавший, что играющим в футбол подросткам надо прятаться от полицейского патруля – всё это вспоминается без ностальгии. «И где-то на полдороге, под тополем на излуке, ему впятером жандармы назад заломили руки» – к такому возвращаться не хотят. А франкизм запомнился этим.

Но есть и другое. Испанцы знают свою историю. Знают, что представляла собой «красная сторона» гражданской войны. Кто и откуда ею руководил, и что ожидало бы страну в случае её победы. Франко остановил коммунистический накат, разгромил сталинистов, сохранил Испанию национальной и христианской. И при этом сумел вывернуться из-под Гитлера, удержал Испанию от мировой войны, не позволил установить фашистский режим. Его диктатура была крайне консервативной, поначалу очень жестокой, но вовсе не фашистской. За это, между прочим, каудильо ненавидели настоящие фашисты из Испанской фаланги, заклеймившие его как «предателя революционной весны».

Кстати, вождь фалангистов Хосе Антонио Примо де Ривера похоронен там же, в Долине Павших. Консерватора Франко перенесут, а реального ультра Примо де Риверу оставят? Или с ним придётся проделывать то же? А потом как, ни с кем ли ещё вопросов не возникнет? Мощная получится программа. Как в мрачной притче: «носить вам – не переносить»…

Испания – страна великой культуры. Там развито эстетическое чувство. И когда случайные в общем-то политики посмертно сводят счёты с исторической личностью – такое не понравится многим. Попытка перезахоронить Франко уже предпринималась, и была резко отбита. Тем более теперь, когда каталонский бунт резко стимулировал консервативные и даже ультраправые настроения. «¡Arriba España!» – «Поднимайся, Испания!» – загремел над Мадридом клич франкистских бойцов.

Консолидируются не только сторонники НП. Новое дыхание обретает нынешняя Фаланга истового франкиста Норберто Пико в союзе с национал-демократами ультранационалиста Мануэля Кандуэлы и «Испанской альтернативой» ультраконсерватора Рафаэля Лопеса-Диегеса. Есть и более радикальные силы: национальные революционеры, национал-синдикалистысоциальные республиканцы – настоящие красно-чёрные, «испанские бандеровцы» Хуана Антонио Льопарта.

Наверное, со стороны Педро Санчеса мудрее было бы – как раз «ради примирения», во имя павших – действительно не разделять испанцев. Не провоцировать восстание. Вспомнить слова из завещания Франко: «Я прошу прощения у тех, кто называл себя моими врагами, как и сам искренне прощаю их, даже если никогда таковыми их не считал. У меня не было других врагов, кроме врагов Испании».

Роман Шанга, специально для «В кризис.ру»

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